Jul 01, 2024  
University Catalog 2019-2020 
    
University Catalog 2019-2020 [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Geological Sciences (Graduate)

All 4000-level courses may be applied towards master’s degree requirements except the following, subject to limits established by the department and approval of the graduate adviser: GEOL 4000, 4010, 4020, 4030, 4100, 4300, 4600, 4601,  4970, 4990.
Classified graduate standing is required for admission to all 5000-level courses.

  
  • GEOL 5340 - Advanced Field Geology


    (3)
    Prerequisites: GEOG 2680, GEOL 3600, (GEOL 4600A or equivalent). Advanced mapping course using traditional and digital mapping methods. Use regional and local sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic textural features to map outcrops and make interpretations about geology and tectonic setting.

  
  • GEOL 5410 - Seminar: Advanced Topics in Isotope Geochemistry


    (3)
    Prerequisites: GEOL 3010, (GEOL 4900 or instructor’s consent). Focus on the advanced principles of using isotopes to address questions of provenance and in igneous and metamorphic petrology.

  
  • GEOL 5600 - Hydrogeology


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4840. Advanced study of groundwater topics including aquifer testing, regional groundwater flow, water chemistry mass transport, and groundwater models. Lecture 2.0 hours, laboratory 3.0 hours.

  
  • GEOL 5610 - Vadose Zone Hydrogeology


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4840. Study of water movement and solute transport in the vadose (unsaturated) zone; including soil physics; infiltration theory; solute movement, noninteracting and interacting solutes; physical measurements; and field instrumentation. Lecture 3.5 hours, laboratory 3.0 hours.

  
  • GEOL 5620 - Contaminant Hydrogeology


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4840. Mass transport of contaminants in groundwater, principles of groundwater hydrology applied to organic and inorganic chemical migration, monitoring groundwater contamination, geochemical tracers of groundwater contamination, groundwater remediation.

  
  • GEOL 5630 - Water Quality Seminar


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4840 or instructor’s consent. Contemporary issues in water quality, including contaminant transport, pollutants in surface and ground water, natural attenuation, engineered bioremediation, monitoring wells, soil sampling procedures, and vadose zone monitoring. Seminar 3 hours.

  
  • GEOL 5700 - Special Topics


    (1-3)
    Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Discussion of selected topics in geology. May include up to 2 units of laboratory. May be repeated for credit as subject matter changes.

  
  • GEOL 5810 - Seminar: Engineering Geology


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4810 or senior engineering geology course. Advanced study relating geologic factors to engineering projects, with emphasis on slope stability, subsidence, engineering seismology, and construction problems related to engineering geology.

  
  • GEOL 5840 - Paleoseismology


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4810. Recognition of paleoseismic events in the geologic record, Quaternary slip-rates and coseismic deformation, modeling fault-scarp degradation, behavior of seismogenic faults, and seismic-hazard analysis.

  
  • GEOL 5850 - Landslides, Avalanches, and Debris Flows


    (3)
    Prerequisite: GEOL 4810. Recognition, mechanics, and analysis of mass wasting features including landslides, rock avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, and lateral flows. Field mapping and computer stability analysis activities. Lecture 3.5 hours, laboratory 3.0 hours.

  
  • GEOL 5960 - Comprehensive Examination


    (0)
    See the Comprehensive Examination in the requirements for the Masters Degree section of this catalog.

  
  • GEOL 5970 - Graduate Research


    (1-3)
    Independent research under guidance of faculty. Graded CR/NC.

  
  • GEOL 5980 - Graduate Directed Study


    (1-3)
    Directed research on subjects selected in consultation with faculty. May be repeated to maximum of 6 units.

  
  • GEOL 5990 - Thesis


    (1-3)
    Prerequisites: Advancement to Candidacy, instructor consent to act as sponsor. Presentation of independent research work in a written thesis, which is defended orally. Graded CR/NC.


Health and Human Services (Undergraduate)

  
  • HHS 1010 - Introduction of Higher Education in Health and Human Services: Living an Examined Life


    (3)
    Orientation to thinking strategies applicable to lifelong learning and problem solving in academic, social, and personal life.  Introduces critical thinking, information literacy, university resources, civic learning and academic planning for student success. Graded ABC-/NC

     

     

    GE E (cl) (IHE)

  
  • HHS 1540 - Special Topics in Health and Human Services


    (1-3)
    Prerequisites: Instructor consent and as needed for specific topic. Current topics of special interest to students in health and human services. May be repeated to a maximum of 9 units as subject matter changes. Graded ABC-/NC.

  
  • HHS 3100 - Historical and Social Context of Disability


    (3)
    Prerequisites: PSY 1600, SOC 2010. Exploring the scope of disability from historical and social contexts to establish a framework from which to understand perspectives of disabling conditions and delivery systems of support services.

  
  • HHS 3110 - Internship in Developmental Disabilities


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of the Required Core and Foundations of Program Delivery, Management and Advocacy courses for the Minor in Developmental Disabilities, HHS 3100 or consent of instructor, submission of Certificate of Clearance to course instructor, agency/organization acceptance, submission of paid Student Liability verification to course instructor, current TB Test verification (if required by placement site). Supervised experience utilizing professional preparation in a field setting. Graded CR/NC. If students receive a “NC” they may repeat the entire course only once.
     

  
  • HHS 3120 - Senior Project Capstone


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of the Required Core and Foundations of Program Delivery, Management and Advocacy courses for the Minor in Developmental Disabilities, HHS 3110 or consent of instructor, submission of Certificate of Clearance to course instructor, submission of paid Student Liability verification to course instructor, current TB Test verification (if required). Synthesizing issues and trends in services for those with neurodevelopmental and related disabilities; application of knowledge gained throughout the minor degree program in the form of a capstone project.

  
  • HHS 3950 - Community Service in Health and Human Services


    (1-3)
    Prerequisites: Approval of a faculty sponsor and acceptance by an appropriate agency. Participation in school, clinic, civic or other community service work in health and human services. May be repeated to maximum of eight units. Graded CR/NC.

  
  • HHS 4000 - Statistics in Health and Human Services


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Upper Division standing; (MATH 1100) or (ECON 1090 or MATH 1090 or MATH 2110). Basic statistical concepts, as applied to research in Health and Human Services; practical application of statistics using computer based data analysis.

  
  • HHS 4950 - Field Work in Health and Human Services


    (1-3)
    Prerequisite: Admission to a Health and Human Services credit certificate program. Work with community service organizations; placement arranged by appropriate certificate program coordinator. May be repeated to maximum of 8 units. Graded CR/NC.


Health and Human Services (Graduate)

  
  • HHS 5950 - Field Practicum in Health and Human Services


    (3)
    Supervised field experience in health and human service agencies. May be repeated for a maximum of 8 units. Graded CR/NC.


History (Undergraduate)

Upper division standing is prerequisite to all 3000 and 4000-level history courses, unless otherwise noted.

All 4000-level courses may be applied toward master’s degree requirements, subject to limits established by the department and approval of the graduate adviser.

  
  • HIST 1010 - World History to 1500 CE


    (3)
    The history of human societies and their interactions in the pre-modern world.
     

    GE D (d)

  
  • HIST 1020 - World History since 1500 CE


    (3)
    The history of human societies and their interactions in the modern world.

    *C-ID  HIST 180

    *The University course listed above articulates with any California Community College (CCC) course that is approved by the C-ID program and given the corresponding “C-ID Course” designation listed here. The articulation is one-way articulation, meaning the approved community college course will articulate for the indicated course credit at the four-year university. Articulation does NOT apply from the four-year institution to the community college or between the four-year institutions.

    GE D (d)

  
  • HIST 1500 - Asian-American History

    (also listed as AAAS 1500)
    (3)
    Survey of the Asian experience in America from 1850 to the present.  Emphasis on regional and historical context, and the intersectionality of race and ethnicity with class and gender. 

    GE C AM-History (re)

  
  • HIST 1600 - History of Asia

    (also listed as AAAS1600)


    (3)
    History of Asia with an emphasis on major themes and methodologies in the field.  
     

     

    GE D (d)

  
  • HIST 2010 - United States History to 1877


    (3)
    Political, economic, social and cultural development of the United States and its diverse peoples from earliest settlement through Reconstruction.

     

    CI-D HIST 130:
    The University course listed above articulates with any California Community College (CCC) course that is approved by the C-ID program and given the corresponding “C-ID Course” designation listed here. The articulation is one-way articulation, meaning the approved community college course will articulate for the indicated course credit at the four-year university. Articulation does NOT apply from the four-year institution to the community college or between the four-year institutions.

     

    GE AM-History (d)

  
  • HIST 2020 - United States History, 1877 to Present


    (3)
    Political, economic, social, and cultural development of the United States and its diverse peoples since 1877.

     

    CI-D HIST 140:
    The University course listed above articulates with any California Community College (CCC) course that is approved by the C-ID program and given the corresponding “C-ID Course” designation listed here. The articulation is one-way articulation, meaning the approved community college course will articulate for the indicated course credit at the four-year university. Articulation does NOT apply from the four-year institution to the community college or between the four-year institutions.
     

    GE AM-History (d)

  
  • HIST 2050 - Race and Ethnicity in United States History


    (3)
    This course explores U.S. history through the lens of race and ethnicity from the 1400s to the present, emphasizing race and ethnicity’s intersections with gender and socio-economic class.

    GE AM-History (re)

  
  • HIST 2080 - California


    (3)
    The complexities and diversity of California History from Indigenous History to the Present.

  
  • HIST 3000 - Early Field Experience in History-Social Science Education


    (3)
    Early field experiences in History-Social Science education in 7th-12th grade schools. Activities conducted in the course correlate with content from the California Subject Matter Standards in History-Social Science.

  
  • HIST 3050 - Public History


    (3)
    A theme or episode in history examined thoroughly using the theories and methods of public history, oral history, community engagement and/or service learning.    

  
  • HIST 3080 - Historiography


    (3)
    History of historical thought from ancient to contemporary historians. Special emphasis on modern historiography. Practical experience writing historiographical essays.

  
  • HIST 3090 - Historical Research and Writing


    (3)
    Prerequisite: HIST 3080. Introduction to historical research and writing; ideas, methods, and practical experience in investigating historical problems. 

    Grade of C or better in this course satisfies the Graduation Writing Assessment Requirement.

    (wi) GWAR

  
  • HIST 3100 - Classical Civilization and the Modern World


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. The Classical Tradition and its legacy. Multicultural origins of the Classical Tradition, their social, political, and cultural manifestations, significance in the contemporary modern world.
     

    GE UD D (d)

  
  • HIST 3300 - Big History: From The Big Bang Until the Present


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Covers eight thresholds of universal history, from the creation of the universe through the origin of life through the Anthropocene Epoch: human history in its broadest ecological and biological context.

    GE UD B

  
  • HIST 3350 - Global History of World War II


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Examination of the war’s origins, conduct, and legacies. Issues include ethics and war, genocide, human rights, military/civilian experience mediated by race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, religion, and ability.

    GE UD D (d)

  
  • HIST 3400 - History of U.S. Civil Rights Movements


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Examines the history of various modern U.S. social movements for racial and ethnic equality and justice.

    GE UD D (re)

  
  • HIST 3405 - LGBT Political History in the US

    (also listed as AAAS 4491, CLS 4490, LAS 4490)
    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. A survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities, political struggles, and aesthetic expressions in the United States.

    GE UD D (cl) (d)

  
  • HIST 3450 - Rise of Urban America


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Examines the growth and diversification of the infrastructure and population of American cities, and the challenges of maintaining civic relations, public health, and social opportunity for their residents.
     

     

    GE UD D (cl)

  
  • HIST 3510 - A History of Violence: Conflict, War, and Resolution


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Conflict, violence, war and their relationships with gender, religion, science/secularism, and race/ethnicity; strategies for conflict resolution and peace.  Course is global in outlook, using critical theory and case studies. 

    GE UD D (d)

  
  • HIST 3520 - Oral History of Asian America

    (also listed as AAAS 3520)


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Exploring Asian American identities and experiences through interviews, with an emphasis on the intersectionality of race and ethnicity with class and gender.

    This is a service learning course that requires students to spend a substantial amount of time participating in service activities off campus.

    GE UD D (cl) (re)

  
  • HIST 3560 - History of Emotions


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Historical changes in emotional expression, meaning, and sensibilities, as constructed by gender, sexuality, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic class, nationality, and religion.
     

    GE UD C (d)

  
  • HIST 3570 - Gender and Sex in History


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Explores historical understandings and experiences of gender and sexuality through texts, arts, and material cultures, including the intersectionality of masculinity and femininity with race, ethnicity, class, religion, and nationality.

    GE UD C (d)

  
  • HIST 3600 - Revolution in History


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. Comparative and Historical Examination of the origins and outcomes of global revolutions and revolutionary movements from the 1950s to the present .
     

    GE UD D (d)

  
  • HIST 3700 - Labor History


    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. A history of work, workers, and labor movements in the modern world; theoretical and methodological introduction for the fields of labor history and studies. 

    GE UD D (cl) (d)

  
  • HIST 3800 - Ancient and Modern Science

    (also listed as PHIL 3800, CHEM 3800)
    (3)
    Prerequisites: Completion of GE 4 basic subjects and a course each from lower division Blocks B, C and D. A systematic analysis of ancient scientific thought and its relationship to modern science.

    GE UD B

  
  • HIST 4000 - Special Lectures in History


    (1-3)
    Lectures on special historical topics not regularly given by department. May be repeated for credit as topic changes.

  
  • HIST 4010 - History of Globalization: Themes and Continuities


    (3)
    Analysis of the economic, political, and cultural origins of globalization, and its impact on nation states and national economies. Lecture 3 hours.

  
  • HIST 4020 - Oceans in World History


    (3)
    Global history and historiography of human adaptation to and interaction with the ocean environment, exploring how the seas have shaped human history, and how human actions over the centuries have shaped the seas.

     

  
  • HIST 4090 - Sexuality in the Americas


    (3)
    A social and cultural history. Study of the construction of sexual desires, attitudes and behaviors in the Americas from pre-conquest times to the present.

  
  • HIST 4110 - History of Ancient Greece


    (3)
    Political and cultural study of Ancient Greece from Minoan- Mycenaean period to end of 5th century.

  
  • HIST 4120 - Greek History: The Alexandrian Age


    (3)
    Political, social, and religious developments from conquests of Alexander to rule of Islam; a history of Hellenistic, Roman, and early Byzantine rule in Near East.

  
  • HIST 4130 - Early Rome, The Republic


    (3)
    Internal and external development of the Roman republic from 8th Century B.C. to the death of Julius Caesar, 44 B.C.

  
  • HIST 4140 - The Roman Empire


    (3)
    Roman history from the death of Julius Caesar, 44 B.C., to the fall of the city, 410 A.D.

  
  • HIST 4150 - History of Ancient Greek and Roman Religions

    (also listed as RELS 4150)
    (3)
    Greek and Roman religious ideas from 2500 BCE until 500 CE: from Indo-European nomadic religion through ”classical” Greco-Roman city-state polytheism, mystery cults, and tragedy’s exploration of religious themes until Christianity.

  
  • HIST 4190 - Ancient Near East: 4000-323 B.C.


    (3)
    Extensive study of earliest civilizations- Mesopotamian, Syrian, Persian, and Hebrew-and their historical legacy to the later world.

  
  • HIST 4191 - Ancient Egypt: 4000-30 BC


    (3)
    Extensive study of ancient Egypt (political, cultural, social, military history) and its legacy to the later world.

  
  • HIST 4210 - Post-Roman Europe


    (3)
    Europe from the fall of Rome to the empire of Charlemagne, ca. 300-900 CE: political, social, economic, religious and cultural developments.

  
  • HIST 4220 - The Middle Ages


    (3)
    Europe from the age of the Vikings to the dawn of the Renaissance, ca. 900-1450 CE: political, social, economic, religious and cultural developments.

     

  
  • HIST 4225 - Religion and Society in Medieval Europe

    (also listed as RELS 4225)
    (3)
    History of European religious beliefs and practices from the 3rd to the 15th centuries, emphasizing the diversity within medieval Christianity.

  
  • HIST 4230 - Renaissance and Reformation


    (3)
    Changes that shaped the course of early modern Europe to 1600, with emphasis on nature of period’s leading phenomena, the Renaissance and the Reformation.

  
  • HIST 4240 - Science, Enlightenment, and Empire


    (3)
    Transformations in European society, politics, economics, religion, and culture during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the impact of those transformations on European views of the natural and human worlds.

  
  • HIST 4250 - French Revolution and Napoleon


    (3)
    History of Europe during period of French Revolution and Napoleon.

  
  • HIST 4260 - Europe: 1815-1890


    (3)
    Explores the political, social, economic, and cultural history of Europe between 1815 and 1890, including political, economic, and scientific transformations, the industrial revolution, changing gender relations, nationalism and imperialism.

     

  
  • HIST 4270 - Europe: 1890-1945


    (3)
    Explores the multiple points of crisis leading to World War I, the rise of Communism, Fascism, Nazism, the Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the Holocaust.

  
  • HIST 4280 - Europe since 1945


    (3)
    Explores the political, social, economic, and cultural history of Europe since World War II, including postwar recovery, the Cold War, decolonization, the fall of communism, and the European Union.

  
  • HIST 4310 - History of Modern Germany


    (3)
    History of modern Germany, with emphasis upon 20th century.

  
  • HIST 4340 - The British Empire


    (3)
    Political and economic development of British Empire since late 18th century, with major consideration to expansion of colonial empire and evolution of modern empire commonwealth.

  
  • HIST 4350 - History of Modern France


    (3)
    Explores the political, social, economic, and cultural history of modern France since the French Revolution. 

  
  • HIST 4360 - Imperial Russia: 1801-1917


    (3)
    History of Russia from accession of Alexander I to end of Romanov dynasty in 1917.

  
  • HIST 4370 - The Soviet Union


    (3)
    Background and history of revolutions of 1917 and subsequent historical development of Soviet Union.

  
  • HIST 4410 - Pre-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa


    (3)
    African continent south of the Sahara, earliest times to latter half of 18th century.

  
  • HIST 4420 - History of Africa since 1800


    (3)
    Explores the political, social, economic, and cultural history of Africa; slave trade and abolition, European colonialism, Africa in the World Wars, decolonization, independence, development of African states.

  
  • HIST 4450 - Islamic Empires in World History: 600s-1919


    (3)
     Origins of Islam, Rise and Fall of Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Saljuk, Mamluk, Mughal, Safavi, Qajar and Ottoman Empires in Global Context. 

  
  • HIST 4460 - The Islamic Middle East: 1258-1919


    (3)
    Post-Mongol near east; Mamluk Egypt; Il-Khani, Timuri, Safavi and Qajar Iran; rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire; nationalism, revolution and European imperialism; emergence of modernity and modern nation-states.

  
  • HIST 4480 - History of Islamic Central Asia

    (also listed as AAAS 4480)
    (3)
    History in global context of the region encompassing Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Turkmenstan, and Uzbekistan, from the seventh century to the present, with emphasis on common religious and cultural trends.

  
  • HIST 4490 - Pan Asianism: 19th-20th Century Asian Intellectual History

    (also listed as AAAS 4490)
    (3)
    Study of 19th and 20th  century diverse Asian intellectual and political responses to the modern world, experienced particularly, but not exclusively, in the form of European imperialism and colonialism.

  
  • HIST 4500 - Traditional China


    (3)
    Chinese civilization from earliest times to 1500.

  
  • HIST 4510 - Modern China


    (3)
    Social, political, and economic development of mainland China from 1500 to 1949.

  
  • HIST 4520 - People’s Republic of China


    (3)
    Political, economic, social, and foreign relations issues of Communist China since 1949.

  
  • HIST 4540 - Modern Japan


    (3)
    Social, political, and economic development of Japan since 1868.

  
  • HIST 4600 - The Chicano Movement

    (also listed as CLS 4260)
    (3)
    Prerequisite: Upper Division standing. Examines the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s from an interdisciplinary perspective. Topics include: grassroots, student, and youth activism; antiwar movement; La Raza Unida Party; Chicana feminism, and the Chicano cultural renaissance.

  
  • HIST 4610 - Early Latin America: Conquest to 1850s


    (3)
    History of Latin America from the European Conquest to the 1850s; focus on colonization, process of independence, and state formation.

     

  
  • HIST 4620 - Modern Latin America: 1860s to the present


    (3)
    A focus on the impact of modernization and the struggle for social, political, and economic development since the 1860s.

     

  
  • HIST 4640 - History of Central America and the Caribbean


    (3)
    Political, social, economic, and cultural history of  Central America and the Carribbean since the 19th century.

     

  
  • HIST 4650 - Brazil


    (3)
    Brazilian history from Portuguese occupation of eastern South America through colonial period, independent empire, and the republic to present time.

  
  • HIST 4660 - Colonial Mexico

    (also listed as CLS 4660)
    (3)
    Social, political, economic, and cultural history of Mexico from the early 16th century through Independence.

  
  • HIST 4665 - Modern Mexico

    (also listed as CLS 4665)
    (3)
    Social, political, economic, and cultural history of Mexico from Independence to the recent past.

  
  • HIST 4670 - Modern Mexico and the Chicano People

    (also listed as CLS 4270)
    (3)
    History of modern Mexico and its impact upon the Chicano people from separation from Mexico in 1848 to the present.

  
  • HIST 4690 - Indigenous Peoples of the Americas


    (3)
    Political, social, economic, and cultural history of indigenous peoples of North, South, and Central America from pre-Columbian to modern times.

  
  • HIST 4700 - The Colonial Heritage: The United States, 1607-1763


    (3)
    Transfer of Old World institutions to British North America. Development of colonial society to end of French and Indian War.

  
  • HIST 4710 - Era of Revolution: The United States, 1763-1815


    (3)
    Causes and nature of American Revolution and development of the new nation through end of War of 1812.

  
  • HIST 4720 - Democracy, Dissent, and Disunion: The United States, 1815-1877


    (3)
    Political democracy; nationalism and sectionalism; slavery and reform; the Civil War and Reconstruction.

  
  • HIST 4730 - The United States, 1877-1918


    (3)
    Industrialism and urbanization, international expansion, the Progressive Era and coming of World War I.

  
  • HIST 4740 - The United States, 1918-1973


    (3)
    The 1920s, Depression and New Deal, World War II, Cold War and Vietnam War, Suburbs and Cities, Civil Rights, Conservatism, Women’s Liberation, and 1960s Radicalism and Counterculture.

     

  
  • HIST 4750 - The United States, 1973 to Present


    (3)
    Recent U.S. History: political, social, economic, cultural, and international developments.

  
  • HIST 4760 - Economic History of United States


    (3)
    American economic development, industrialization, national legislation in industry and commerce.

  
  • HIST 4770 - United States Social History


    (3)
    The social structure; social relations of American individuals, families, and groups; colonial period to the present.

 

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